Effect of Perceived Anonymity of Group Task Social Loafing

Effect of Perceived Anonymity of Group Task Social Loafing Title: The effect of perceived anonymity upon individual effort in a group task. Abstract: Social loafing according to Latanà © et al (1979) is the decrease in personal effort that occurs when an individual works within a group. However, when people feel as though their input is identifiable they are motivated to exert more effort, thereby mitigating social loafing. (Harkins Jackson, 1985) In an attempt to discover if this effect could be replicated, an opportunity sample of 52 participants was recruited to partake in an independent measures experiment. Participants were randomly assigned to one of two groups, the public group or the private group. Both groups were asked, via email, to provide suggestions on how their town centre could be improved. The â€Å"public† group believed their results would be attributed to them publicly whilst the â€Å"private† group were assured anonymity. It was hypothesized that the public group would provide more suggestions than the private group. The â€Å"private† condition resulted in a lower mean number of respon ses (M 3.8, SD 2.6) than the â€Å"public† condition (M 6.8, SD 2.22) which supported the hypothesis. Introduction: Social loafing is the propensity for group members to come to be less productive as the group size increases (Latanà © et al, 1979). This effect reveals the converse relationship that exists between group size and an individual’s input to the accomplishment of a task. While examining the association between performance effectiveness and group productivity, Ringelmann (1913) discovered that having members of a group work collectively (in this case, pulling a rope) actually resulted in considerably less effort being applied than when the individual carried out the task independently. Ringelmann also revealed that as more individuals join a group, the group frequently grows progressively inefficient; rejecting the premise that group effort reliably leads to increased productivity. He suggested that groups fail to maximise their potential as several interpersonal processes diminish the group’s overall ability. Williams, Harkins and Latanà ©, (1981) attributed two distinct processes as potential sources for the reduced productivity within groups: motivation loss, and coordination issues. However, group members largely believe that they are contributing to their full potential when asked; evidence has indicated that individuals exhibit loafing without realising (Karau Williams, 1993). In order to facilitate a reduction in social loafing, several suggestions forwarded. Kerr Bruun (1983) state that individuals who exhibit social loafing often fail to contribute as they believe other group members will compensate for them. Therefore, each member of a group should be made to feel like they are vital to the completion of the task at hand. By increasing the individual’s perceived importance of their part of the group, members tend to expend more effort towards achieving the required outcomes. Harkins Szymanski (1989) assert that groups that establish explicit goals tend to outperform groups with unclear objectives. Setting clearly defined aims is believed to encourage many production-enhancing processes, such as increased commitment, comprehensive planning and quality monitoring of group tasks, and increased effort (Weldon, Jehn, Pradhan, 1991). Similar results can be achieved by decreasing the group size; as group size reduces, each members role in the group becomes increasingly integral, so the opportunity to loaf is reduced. Finally, and the focus of this study, when people feel as though their individual contribution is identifiable, they become motivated to work harder on a group project (Harkins Jackson, 1985). This is due to the individual experiencing evaluation apprehension, thereby increasing productivity through social facilitation. Social facilitation is an improvement in performance produced by the presence of others, as in the â€Å"audience effect† as demonstrated by Dashiell (1935), However, should a project allow individual members to remain anonymous, they feel less anxiety about being judged by others, resulting in social loafing (Harkins Petty,1982). The research hypothesis for this study is: Participants in the public group will provide more suggestions than participants in the private group. Method: Design: An Independent measures experimental design with two groups was employed. The independent variable, attribution of comments, was manipulated so that one group was informed that their comments would be publicly attributed to them while the other group was informed that they would remain anonymous. The dependent variable was the total number of responses. Participants: 52 Participants from the experimenter’s friends, family and workplace were asked via email to participate. Participants were assigned, on an alternate basis, to either the â€Å"public† or â€Å"private† condition. The number of participants in each condition was equal. Materials: Standard (2013) desktop PC running Windows 8 and Microsoft Office 2010 was used for all email correspondence, data collation. Ethical consent form obtained from a university representative prior to experiment. (See Appendix A). Participant consent form (See Appendix B). â€Å"Public† group instruction form (See Appendix C). â€Å"Private† group instruction form (See Appendix D). Response collation form (See Appendix E). Participant debrief form (See Appendix F). Procedure: Each participant in the first instance was contacted via email to ask if they wished to take part in a research experiment. Participants who agreed were randomly assigned to one of two groups, the â€Å"public† group or the â€Å"private† group, by means of order of response. For example the first participant to agree to take part was allocated to the â€Å"public† group, the second to â€Å"private† and alternated thusly until all participants had been assigned a group. Each was then sent, via email, an instruction form relating to their group and a consent form to complete. Each participant was asked to follow the instructions provided and return both the consent form and their responses by email within 48 hours. Once the responses were received the debrief sheet was sent out to inform the participant of the true nature of the experiment and advise them that they could remove their data and consent should they wish to. As no consent was withdrawn all dat a gathered was utilised. The total number of responses for each participant was counted and recorded under the appropriate group heading on the response collation form for statistical analysis. Results: The results from the two groups were collected and collated into a table of raw data (See Appendix G). Summary statistics are provided in Table 1 and the mean values are displayed in Figure 1. An independent-samples t-test was conducted to compare the number of responses in â€Å"public† and â€Å"private† conditions (See Appendix H). There was a significant difference in the scores for the â€Å"public† (M=6.8, SD= 2.2) and the â€Å"private† (M=3.8, SD=2.6) conditions; t (50) =4.52, p= Figure 1. Mean number of responses for â€Å"public† and â€Å"private† conditions. Discussion: The results generated in this study support Harkins and Jackson’s (1985) assertion that identification increases group productivity in that the â€Å"public† group provided a significantly higher â€Å"response† mean. It also suggests Ringelmann’s (1913) observations and Latanà © et al’s (1979) â€Å"social loafing† may occur even when group members are not physically part of a group. A possible issue of using an independent measures design for this type of research is the potential for error arising from individual differences between participants, for example it may have been that those selected for the â€Å"public† group may have been, in general, more civically minded with a greater personal investment in their home town. As a result the â€Å"public† group might return more responses, not as a result of the independent variable being altered but of the individual differences in participants. To mitigate this effect more information would need to be gleaned from participants to ensure equal distributions between groups. Social loafing and social facilitation, in general, are viewed as distinct lines of research in social psychological literature. It appears, however, that these two phenomena may be closely related as the latter appears to mitigate the former. Further research into the extent to which they interact would be useful in uncovering the depth of the relationship. A pertinent question would be; is there a situation where social facilitation fails to affect social loafing? References: Dashiell, J. F. (1935). Experimental studies of the influence of social situations on the behavior of individual human adults. Harkins, S. G., Petty, R. E. (1982). Effects of task difficulty and task uniqueness on social loafing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43(6), 1214. Harkins, S. G., Szymanski, K. (1989). Social loafing and group evaluation.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,56(6), 934. Karau, S. J., Williams, K. D. (1993). Social loafing: A meta-analytic review and theoretical integration.Journal of personality and social psychology,65(4), 681. Kerr, N. L., Bruun, S. E. (1983). Dispensability of member effort and group motivation losses: Free-rider effects. Journal of Personality and social Psychology, 44(1), 78. Latanà ©, B., Williams, K., Harkins, S. (1979). Many hands make light the work: The causes and consequences of social loafing.Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology,37(6), 822-832. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.37.6.822 Ringelmann, M. (1913). Research on animate sources of power: The work of man.Annales de l’Instuit National Agronomique,12, 1-40. Szymanski, K., Harkins, S. G. (1987). Social loafing and self-evaluation with a social standard.Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology,53(5), 891-897. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.53.5.891 Weldon, E., Jehn, K. A., Pradhan, P. (1991). Processes that mediate the relationship between a group goal and improved group performance.Journal of personality and social psychology,61(4), 555. Appendix: Appendix A Completed ethical consent form obtained prior to study. Research Projects UHI Students All Undergraduate, Taught Postgraduate and Research Students registered on any UHI programme undertaking a research project must seek ethical approval via their Project Supervisor prior to undertaking any form of fieldwork or data collection exercise. Please read the UHI Research Ethics Framework before completing this form and submitting it to your Project Supervisor for approval and signature. Please pay close attention to the guidance notes, as it may be necessary for you to complete another form as part of this exercise. Further information on UHI’s Research Ethics Policy and the ethical approval process can be found at http://www.uhi.ac.uk/en/research-enterprise/resource/ethics Research Ethics Checklist Please complete as appropriate If the answer to the above question is â€Å"Yes†, compliance with NHS Guidelines will be required (see www.nhshighland.scot.nhs.uk/Research/Pages/ResearchEthics.aspx ), and there is no need for you to answer the remaining questions. Please complete and sign the declaration at the end of this form and submit it to your Project Supervisor. If the answer is â€Å"No†, please continue to Question 2. If the answer to the above question is â€Å"Yes†, please answer the remaining questions. If the answer is â€Å"No†, please complete and sign the declaration at the end of this form and submit it to your Project Supervisor. If you have answered â€Å"No† in each case to Questions 3-14, please complete the Declaration and pass this form to your Project Supervisor for approval. If you have answered â€Å"Yes† to any of the questions, please complete Form REC1-D Student and submit it to your Project Supervisor along with this form. DECLARATION *please delete as appropriate PROJECT SUPERVISOR AUTHORISATION I confirm that: Comments ‘Approved’ or ‘Not Approved’: Thank You. Once authorised, please pass this form, along with Form REC1-D Student if relevant, to the UHI Research Ethics Officer Appendix B Participant consent form. Consent Form Name: Age: Top of Form Gender: MaleFemale Would you like a copy of the completed report? Yes No Bottom of Form Appendix C â€Å"Public† group instruction form. Instructions – Public Group Thank you for volunteering to take part in this project. You are in a group of about 40 people from your local community who have been asked to provide suggestions on how your local town centre can be improved (e.g. provision of litter bins, other shops you would like to see/not see, activities etc). All group members will receive a copy of all suggestions and their authors, made by the group. You can provide as many suggestions as you like. Please send your suggestions by return email within 48 hours. You will then receive a debrief sheet. Appendix D â€Å"Private† group instruction form. Instructions – Private Group Thank you for volunteering to take part in this project. You are in a group of about 40 people from your local community who have been asked to provide suggestions on how your local town centre can be improved (e.g. provision of litter bins, other shops you would like to see/not see, activities etc). No-one else in your group will see your suggestions or name and participation will be in the strictest confidence. You can provide as many suggestions as you like. Please send your suggestions by return email within 48 hours. You will then receive a debrief sheet. Appendix E Result collation form. Appendix F Participant debrief form. Debrief sheet Thank you again for taking part in this project. You have in fact been taking part in an experiment into social loafing. You were amongst a group of 40 participants who were randomly assigned to one of two groups, a public group and a private group. The aim of the experiment was to compare the amount of suggestions provided by each group. It was anticipated that the public group would provide more suggestions as they believed they would be identified and as such would not want to appear to be putting the overall performance of the group down, the private group were expected to provide less suggestions as they were not to be identifiable and it would not be known if they provided only one suggestion for the group, and therefore more prone to ‘social loafing’. The data has now been collated and we did indeed find that the public group provided more suggestions than the private group. These findings along with a report will be written and submitted to the University of Highlands and Islands as part of an assessment carried out by 3rd year Psychology Degree students. Your personal details will not appear in the final report other than the amount of suggestions provided and you will be referred to by number only. We apologise for deceiving you and accept that you may wish to withdraw your data from this study, if so please inform us by return email and we will remove your data from the group. In order for us to use your data, please complete the attached form and return by email as soon as possible. Should you wish to receive a copy of the report, please tick the appropriate box on the attached form. Thank you again for your participation in this study. Appendix G Raw data collated from participant responses. Appendix H Independent Samples T Test results. 1

In Howards End, Forster is very much on the side of women, and unfair to male characters

Edward Morgan Forster was born in 1879 in London. His father died before he was born and subsequently it was women who brought him up, his mother and great-aunt Marianne Thornton. Foster spent his childhood largely in the female company and in their sheltering presence, who no doubt gave him knowledge of how women were perceived and where their role was in the society. It was his aunt who left Forster a legacy of eight thousand pounds, a considerable sum in those days when remembering that Margaret Schlegel lives very well on six hundred a year. The inheritance from his aunt enabled him to write in independence and security. It is therefore unsurprising that Forster held a high opinion of women, and being brought up by them, not surprising that he would take ‘their side'. Forster exposes the constructed nature of gender and his own ambivalent relationship to traits coded ‘masculine' and ‘feminine' in his culture. However, there is substantial evidence to suggest that Forster was deeply troubled and preoccupied by his own gender identity in this period. This may be reason for Forster to side with women in the play. Forster uses Margaret as the central character in the novel and the most completely drawn. Through certain parts of the novel, the narration seems to vacillate between Margaret and Forster. This shows that Forster is much more inclined to take the side of women rather than men. She is the centre of consciousness in nearly every scene. In chapter two Forster sums her up and sums up the cause of her fascination; she has ‘a profound vivacity, a continual and sincere response to all that she encountered in her path through life'. Forster seems to be always able to rise to the challenge of that description. Helen has a lot in common with Margaret. We are told that she is much more beautiful than Margaret as well as being more impulsive, idealistic and uncompromising. Helen is a character who is ‘rather apt to entice people, and, in enticing them, to be herself enticed'. Forster presents Helen as an imaginative character although she often talks without thinking. Helen's responses to life are intense, excitable and exaggerated. The difference presented by Forster is that men view life as a conquest to gain materialistic pleasure, which although may be enjoyed presently, they are not able to take theses pleasures with them. Women differ, as Helen states in chapter twenty-seven, that money is not an end to all means, and that life is more about emotional conquest. However this is easy for Helen to say as she is set up for life with inheritance money. Therefore, money should not be an issue to Helen, which is proved when she tries to offer Leonard five thousand pounds. Forster's central opposition between man and woman seems to be played out by Henry and Margaret, in which it is blatantly obvious that Forster sides with Margaret. This can be seen in the conversation on the levels of houses. Margaret recognizes that ‘ours is a female house†¦. It must be feminine and all we can do is see that it isn't effeminate. Just as another house I can mention, but I won't, sound irrevocably masculine, and all its inmates can do is see that it isn't brutal'. Through Margaret Schlegel, the traditional terms of masculinity and femininity are scrutinized and are subjected to the demands of higher integration. Margaret's point of view is ultimately not representative of a view that might be coded as essentially female or feminine. Forster is sensitive both to the essentialist conceptions of the female and the social coding of feminism. Margaret is much the voice of Forster when speaking and underlines Forster opinions of women and the fact that he is very much on their side throughout debate and speeches in the novel. In conclusion, in my opinion, the fact that Forster was troubled by his own sexuality and the fact he was a homosexual would incline him to take the views of women. This is also propelled by the fact that his upbringing was done only by women in the form of his mother and his aunt. Forster's inheritance ensured he would not have to labor in order to educate himself, so in fact may never of had much contact with ‘the real world'.

Tsmp - 6511 Words

Semporna Islands Darwin Project Capacity building to enhance Marine Protected Area effectiveness Tun Sakaran Marine Park Visitor and Willingness-to-Pay Survey Elizabeth Wood and Jamie Valiant Ng 2011 Contact information Dr Elizabeth Wood: Marine Conservation Society; Semporna Islands Darwin Project Manager. ewood@f2s.com; elizabeth.wood@mcsuk.org Jamie Valiant Ng: SIDP/Sabah Parks: Community Outreach Public Awareness Officer. jmieval@hotmail.com Helen Brunt: SIDP Sabah Coordinator: helen@sempornaislandsproject.com Sabah Parks, PO Box 163, 91307 Semporna, Sabah, Malaysia PO Box 10626 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah www.sabahparks.org.my sabahparks@gmail.com Marine Conservation Society, Unit 3 Wolf Business Park, Alton Road,†¦show more content†¦Respondents were invited to comment on any subject they felt was important regarding their visit to the Tun Sakaran Marine Park. The issues raised were lack of facilities, rubbish on the islands and in the sea (mentioned by 30 respondents) and fish bombing and damaged reefs. Positive comments were made about the beautiful islands, natural environment and marine life. Regarding entry to the Park, the fee which the majority (i.e. more than 50%) of Malaysians were willing-to-pay was just under RM10, while for other nationalities it was about RM16. Regarding entry + diving in the Park, the fee which the majority (i.e. more than 50%) of respondents was willing-to-pay was just over RM20, regardless of nationality. It is recommended that a single fee is introduce d that covers all activities in TSMP. This would follow the system that has been running successfully for many years in Australia for the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park and at Bunaken National Park in Indonesia and a number of other MPAs. The recommended daily rate (environmental management charge) for all activities based on this WTP survey and the MPAs mentioned above is RM20 for non-Malaysians and RM10 for Malaysians. The recommended annual rate (environmental management charge) for all activities is RM60 for non-Malaysians and RM30 for Malaysians. o o o o o o o o o o 3 TSMP Visitor andShow MoreRelatedEssay On No Child Left Behind1055 Words   |  5 PagesInternational Com., 2007, April). As so is the drop-out rate of that of two largest minority groups, Hispanic and African-American students when compared to those of Caucasian descent (Magnus ,2007, December). According to Texas Schools Microdata Panel (TSMP) in an attempt to determine what factors contributed to the higher minority dropout rates, they showed that poverty is a key contributor. Because of lack of English proficiency, it is most probable for the link to the higher Hispanic dropout probabilityRead MoreThe Uses Of A Sensor1462 Words   |  6 Pagesrequest and based on the request it allocated the network resources required to the node. In mesh topology two or more transmission paths can be allotted to sensor nodes to improve the overall reliability of network. Time synchronized mesh protocol (TSMP) can be used to support and maintain self-organized network for around hundred nodes [4]. In previous years the sensor network used inter address scheme to manage the network nodes. The address length was kept short to implement low power nodes. But

The Civil War The Greatest And Most Catastrophic War Essay

The Civil War is an essential event in America s history. The Civil War determined what kind of nation the United States would be. Would it be a breakable confederation of absolute states or an indivisible nation with an absolute national government ? Northern victory of the war protected the United States as one nation and ended the foundation of slavery which had separated the country initially. However, those results came at the value of many lives.Nearly 625,000 American soldiers lives were lost in all the wars combined. The Civil War was the greatest and most catastrophic battle in the Western world. It was caused because of stubborn differences between free and slave states over the government on whether or not to prohibit slavery amongst territories that were not yet states. Once President Abraham Lincoln was elected and pledged to prevent slavery in those territories , seven slave states withdrew and formed a new nation called the Confederate States of America. Abraham Lincol n’s administration refused to recognize the authority of secession. They worried it would destroy the democracy. The event that caused the war was the Battle of Fort Sumter. To begin with, Fort Sumter is located in South Carolina. It is the main point of where the Civil War started. The first shots were fired here. Fort Sumter was built after the War of 1812 to reassure the defense of its southern harbors. After South Carolina withdrew from the Union, Union forces inhabited the unfinished FortShow MoreRelatedWas The Civil War Really About Slavery?1511 Words   |  7 PagesJesus Cisneros Professor Frose History 11 27 October 2015 Was The Civil War Really about Slavery? Was the Civil War really about slavery? Often, there is conflict surrounding the Civil War and why it was fought. Overwhelmingly, most people believe the motive for The Civil War was slavery. However, Many Historians argue that other factors must have superseded the cause of the Civil War: factors including states rights, economic differences between Northern and Southern States, and social reputationRead MoreThe Battle Of Gettysburg And The Civil War Essay1448 Words   |  6 PagesOn July 1, 1863, the bloodiest, most gruesome war in American History began. The Battle of Gettysburg was fought in the small town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. The Union Army under the command of General George G. Meade faced the Confederate Army led by General Robert E. Lee. They clashed for a long, tragic, three days, but at a costly expense of human life. The American Civil War was one of the most significant battles that the United States has ever been engaged in. On the lines, there were brothersRea d MoreWas The Civil War Really About Slavery?1467 Words   |  6 Pages Jesus Cisneros Professor Frose History 11 27 October 2015 Was The Civil War Really about Slavery? 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The Works Of David The King David - 1706 Words

Throughout the history there has been major events that occurred which left an impact for generations. A major history that was recorded in the bible was â€Å"King David†; base on our understanding of history David was once just a normal shepherd until King Saul the former ruler of Israel appointed him as the new air to the throne. In the present year David is known as the slayer of Goliath killing him with stones he put in his sling and cutting of his head. This event was printed as a biblical history because it is said that before he became King, â€Å"God gave Saul the position to become the first emperor of Israel, but after disobeying god’s words he was rejected from the throne† . David became the symbol of Florence, many artists have done sculptures of him and two of the best artists were Michelangelo and Bernini. These two were talented of creating sculptures inspiration of David; although the subjects are the same their style of sculpting is different. T here were other artist whose done sculpture of David, but by far these two were the best, in my opinion. â€Å"Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni†, was born in the 15 century the time of the â€Å"High Renaissance†, he was announced â€Å"the greatest artist in his time† . When he was only 12 years old â€Å"Michelangelo was sent to study at Florence and became an apprentice under Ghirlandaio† . Michelangelo was born in a religious family; most of his artwork is based on the legends of how humanity was created and Christ. He alsoShow MoreRelatedReligion995 Words   |  4 PagesJothams fable, trees try to decude who will be king, the olive, fid and grape vine decline as they will have good work to do, only the bramble wants to be the king, purseus it with force. 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Through the battles he fought, and the wars he was victorious in, he could’ve ended up in pride considering how great and mighty a King he was. In-spite of his successes in battle, he was known to be a man of humility. David wasn’t perfect; he sinnedRead MoreThe Rule Of The King898 Words   |  4 PagesAfter the failure of the Judges, â€Å"Israel desired a king, so they could be like all other nations.† (1Sam 5:8 paraphrased) Creating a United Monarchy meant many changes would have to take place. At the time Israel had been theocracy and God was their King, however the elders had a different plan. They wanted a king, even if it meant rejecting God. God told Samuel to listen to the people, appoint them a king, but make sure they understand what the king who reigns over them will do Samuel explained toRead MoreThe Day Of Israel The Kings Ruled By The Favor And Choice Of God995 Words   |  4 Page s During the time of Israel the kings ruled by the favor and choice of God. Before that time the people political affairs were judged and taken care of by God through the prophets he assigned .The Prophets heard directly from God and delivered the message of God. The last administrative prophet the people had was Samuel. The people of Israel however were not happy there were no more comfortable with God overseeing there affairs they wanted man to do that for them the bible says that they wanted toRead MoreThe Friendship Of David And Jonathan1275 Words   |  6 Pages Saul’s son Jonathan found great favor in David. Jonathan grew to love David, and helped protect him from Saul’s wrath. The friendship of David and Jonathan was the effect of divine grace, which produces in true believers one heart and one soul, and causes them to love each other (Henry, 2000). It is possible to love other people even if a parent has hatred in their hearts towards them. When Jonathan cou ld not stop Saul’s march toward evil, he could warn the intended victim, thus averting aRead More David And Solomon Essay1069 Words   |  5 Pages David and Solomon King David proved to be a wise and effective leader for Israel. However, it can be said that his son, Solomon, made several mistakes during his reign. Many of his problems originated from his Temple, a stucture that was conceptualized by his father to be a deterrent against the paganism, which infested the land. Yet, it seemed as if several of Solomon’s policies actually encouraged paganism rather than deter it. King David, a member of the tribe of Judah was chosen by God toRead MoreExplain The Difference Between Reading The Bible Confessionally And Critical939 Words   |  4 Pagesself-reflection. 2. Explain the three big â€Å"T† obstacles a reader faces to accessing the â€Å"original† words of the Bible. The obstacles a reader faces when accessing the â€Å"original† words of the Bible are: †¢ Translation- is an obstacle because the original works are in Hebrew or Arabic which requires people who are expert in these fields to interpret it correctly. †¢ Text – is an obstacle because of the reliability of how the documents written, transmitted and collected into a text because the bible is madeRead MoreThe Presence of God In People Essay1178 Words   |  5 PagesBecoming Intimate with the King When His people cry out to Him with pure hearts, when they sing joyfully about his goodness and grace, when they sit quietly and wait to hear from Him in the midst of their busy day, God shows up -Michael W. Smith (Worship 9). While there are so many signs that the presence of God is in a place, it is sometimes easy to miss becoming intimate with him in that moment. How can a person become intimate with God in that moment? How can a person touch God? How can they

Spiritual Belief A World Split Apart Free Essays

Rico Spears Ms. Lisle 9/26/12 Academic Writing and Research Spiritual Belief In this analysis paper I will talk about incorporating God throughout everyday life, whether it be through materialistic things or one’s own self perception of how it is to live and pattern after Godly ways . In â€Å"A World Split Apart,† Alexander Solzhenitsyn infers that there is a higher power than man; a lack of spirituality can harm ones afterlife. We will write a custom essay sample on Spiritual Belief: A World Split Apart or any similar topic only for you Order Now Through a higher power all things are possible he says, â€Å"If, as claimed by humanism, man were born only to be happy, he would not be born to die. Since his body is doomed to death, his task on earth evidently must be more spiritual: not a total engrossment in everyday life, not the search for the best ways to obtain material goods and then their carefree consumption. † Whereas in â€Å"A Voice from Russia’s Past,† by Jack Fruchtman Jr. he simply argues that Solzhenitsyn is speaking from Slavophiles point of view, which stands as a group of Russian philologists and nationalists interested in the origins of the Russian language. Fruchtman also stated that Solzhenitsyn echoed this theme at Harvard when he noted that the philosophical foundation of the West has historically rested on a â€Å"rationalistic humanism,† by which he meant â€Å"the proclaimed and enforced autonomy of man from any higher force above him. (Fruchtman 44)† My last and final source will come from â€Å"Presenting Humanism† by Jende Huang. Huang speaks from a humanist view and states that our society has been so socialized to accept the idea that believing in God is something that is â€Å"good,† and even for a religious liberal, there may exist, an unconscious desire to hold onto that. The realization that you don’t need a god to live your life is a difficult one and one that cannot be easily acknowledged. Solzhenitsyn and Huang share some of the same spiritual beliefs when referring to man. Huang states that man was created to be â€Å"God like† and to pattern ways after God. Speaking from a humanist point of view Huang says, â€Å"ideally, humanist are continually open to new ideas and new information, nd refuse to be shackled by beliefs that remain outside the realm of testability,† (Huang 1-3); he proves this by stating humanism is analogous to science in the sense that both are concerned not only with the body of knowledge and the evidence that supports it, but with efficient means and methods used to gain knowledge. Is it right that man’s life and society’s activities are ruled by material expansion above all? Solzhenitsyn asks this question in reference to government. Laws are put in place to abide by but there is always a loop hole in any law system. Laws are to protect the rights of others or for humans as one body to abide by. Through all the materialistic abuse of power used by some government officials, Solzhenitsyn tends to acknowledge that even in the era that he is in, man is still the head. Life after death, as he talks about spirituality, should be better than your life on earth. Even Huang states that if you accept the bible as truth, you’re agreeing that God would spread his message to pre-agricultural nomads who couldn’t even imagine the evaluation of human society over the subsequent thousands of years. Understanding that you don’t need God to live your everyday life, Huang says, humans still do things to show representation that he is a factor in life such as: going to church and taking communion; â€Å" Do this as often as you remember me† 1st Corinthians 11:25 (NKJ). Man is not perfect but by following the bible he can reach salvation and become cleansed through baptism and understanding that each day you can become more â€Å"God like. James Reston who wrote â€Å"A Russian at Harvard† states that Solzhenitsyn is right in many cases but contradicts the demeanor of his message a lot. Solzhenitsyn entitles his address â€Å"A World Split Apart† why so Reston questions the diverse message in each passage to say it sounds like a â€Å"mind split apart† (Reston pg. 37). Reston says that Solzhenitsyn was right to complain about that â€Å"hastiness and superficiality are the psychic disease of the Twentieth Century† (Reston pg. 38); in refere nce to the war period and the lack of spiritual belief. After the suffering of decades of violence and oppression, the human soul longs for things higher, warmer and purer than those offered by today’s mass living habits, introduced by the revolting invasion of publicity, by TV stupor and by intolerable music†,(Solzhenitsyn pg. 14) Solzhenitsyn writes this statement proving all points to the lacking of â€Å"spiritual being† stated by him. Ending his speech, Solzhenitsyn speaks about a higher power. In Philippians 4:13 it says, â€Å"I can do all things through Christ (God) which strengthen me† (NKJ). Solzhenitsyn asks â€Å"Is it true that man is above everything? Is there no superior spirit above him? Is it right that man’s life and society’s activities should be ruled by material expansion above all? Is it permissible to promote such expansion to the detriment of our integral spiritual life? †(Solzhenitsyn pg. 21) What is life or even afterlife? In contrast with that similar understanding Fruchtman attacks by still having Solzhenitsyn, in a Slavophile voice he states that Solzhenitsyn and the Slavophiles believe that this decline and everything accompanying it was deeply rooted in Western history, a history of man, where man has lost his spiritual tie to the infinite, the eternal, and the timeless( Fruchtman pg. 45). The Slavophile Ivan Kiereevsky wrote, â€Å" it is painful to see what a subtle, but inevitable and just-sent madness now drives the Western man. He feels his darkness and like a moth, he flies into the fire, which he takes to be the sun. He cries like a frog and barks like a dog, when he hears the word of God. †(Fruchtman pg. 45) Man, in short, is no longer human, and the decline of the West is upon us. Fruchtman attests his point later on in his response when he references how Solzhenitsyn says it is a society which is doomed because of its rejection of spirituality and its concomitant worship of reason and material things. Because the West had a tremendous fall in spirituality, Solzhenitsyn began to question, in order to get out the state that the West is in, who does man look up? During the time of the speech men were dominant in the sense of being superior to women, but if â€Å"lost† in sense of spirituality and begin to believe that modern ways and material things are more important than being God like. Is it actually true that man is everything and neither that nor anyone is superior to him? â€Å"We turned our backs upon the Spirit,† Mr. Solzhenitsyn proclaimed, â€Å"and embraced all that is material with excessive and unwarranted zeal,† (Pg. 4). Fruchtman stated, for the Slavophiles, the West was decadent primarily because it had adopted the worship of rationality, matter and form. Moreover, it relied too much on legalistic systems of thought and action. This particular statement reflects Solzhenitsyn outlook on one’s self; Solzhenitsyn supports this statement when h e stated that only by the voluntary nurturing in ourselves of freely accepted and serene self-restraint can mankind rise above a world stream of materialism. (pg. 20-21) Solzhenitsyn infers that no one on earth has any way left but upward climbing to the next anthropological stage (Pg. 1). Anthropological is the study of humanity, social action between humans and cultural as well as religious preferences. Fruchtman goes on to say for both Mr. Solzhenitsyn and the Slavophiles, men spiritual capacities have become subverted by the overpowering influences of reason and legality. Solzhenitsyn, Fruchtman, and Huang share similar beliefs when referring to man and higher powers above man. To pattern after God means to be â€Å"God like† as Huang states while Fruchtman counters Solzhenitsyn by saying he is speaking from a Slavophiles point of view. The West, as Solzhenitsyn portrays it is one who now has a lack of spiritual belief. The West, they argued, had emphasized rationality, compulsion and above all legalistic institutions and material wellbeing. Each of these qualities was in conflict with man’s inherent, goodness and virtue, Fruchtman writes. This statement proves his thought on how Solzhenitsyn is continually speaking and analyzing from his own humanistic view. As Solzhenitsyn states, â€Å"It will demand from us a spiritual blaze† (pg. 21). He infers to the west as whole and not singling any particular individual out; to act as one mind body and soul, but in government form. Laws are set in place to help us not hinder as a result he entitles this particular section â€Å"Before the Turn†. Still the question lies is there no superior spirit above man? If so how can we be more like him, how can we incorporate that higher power in our everyday life and in our law and judicial systems? How can take eyes off the moral standards of man and out them on the mindset for man to pattern after â€Å"God like† ways? How to cite Spiritual Belief: A World Split Apart, Papers

Comparison Essay free essay sample

Sharlene, the sixteen year old girl, decides that she does not want to go to university as her father intends, she wants to leave and travel. But she has not worked up the courage to tell her father. When all of a sudden her brother comes home for a visit and tells her father that he is dropping out of school. The second short story â€Å"The Charmer† written by Budge Wilson is about a charming young boy who can charm his way through, Winnifred, his little sister claims he is â€Å"Enchanted†. He has grown up to be the same old charmer with expectations from his family and most certainly his father. Parental expectations always follow the eldest sibling; it’s the person who chooses whether or not to exceed them. In both short stories, the father is the one building the expectations. The eldest sibling who are the brothers, Zachary and Greg, both fail to reach their fathers expectations for them. One of the different things that the poems both have is there rhyme scheme. Although there Is not many differences that the poems have this is one of them. The rhyme scheme for the raven is abaca, while the rhyme scheme for Enable Lee Is abbacy.This Is Just nee of the ways that the poems are different. Both of the poems have a similar theme though. Both of the poems talk about how someone was taken from them. The raven describes how he mourns for the lost one and Enable Lee talks about how nothing can ever truly take her away from him. The poem Enable Lee Is telling Its readers that no matter what anyone tries to do they will never break his love for her. They can take her from him but he will always love her and be there for her. The tone in Enable Lee Is slightly different from the tone In the Raven.Although It Is still closely elated; the difference Is that the Raven has a sad tone all the way through It and Enable Lee has a sad but Joyous tone In It at the same time. It has a sad tone that they took her from him, but the Joyous Is for being with Enable Lee and being able to have her In his heart. The Raven describes how his soul seems to be lost and a raven Is constantly trying to come and get It. The raven Is always knocking on the door and saying nevermore. These two poems that were written by the same author are closely related even though they were about different people.This particular toe, so far for all the poems I have ever read by him seem to be sad and about losing someone. These two poems only prove my point even further, he Is a good poet. He Is also an author of horror stories and novels. These poems are both very good. Comparison Essay By validate different things that the poems both have is there rhyme scheme. Although there is the raven is abaca, while the rhyme scheme for Enable Lee is abbacy. This is Just can ever truly take her away from him. The poem Enable Lee is telling its readers Enable Lee is slightly different from the tone in the Raven.Although it is still closely related; the difference is that the Raven has a sad tone all the way through it and Enable Lee has a sad but Joyous tone in it at the same time. It has a sad tone that they took her from him, but the Joyous is for being with Enable Lee and being able to have her in his heart. The Raven describes how his soul seems to be lost and a raven is constantly trying to come and get it. The raven is always knocking on the losing someone. These two poems only prove my point even further, he is a good poet. He is also an author of horror stories and novels.